> Although you can view the parent post ID the image is attached to, you can’t locate each post the image is used on.

Your post inspired me to create a plugin which does that.

It adds a "Used In" column to the list view in Media Library, as well as to the attachment details modal.

It can find posts that use the image (including any of its intermediate sizes) in post content, or as a featured image. Works with custom post types too.